Compound Interest

I have written in the past about Credit Default Swaps (CDSs), a form of financial derivatives that appear to be a major reason for our recent banking and insurance industry crises (see here). Basically CDSs are unregulated insurance policies naively written by many companies without sufficient reserves to cover any subsequent claims. When, due to the sub-prime mortgage crisis, many of these “policies” came due and there was not enough money at the guarantors to pay the guarantees off. A rough estimate is that there are now almost $4 trillion of defaulting sub-prime mortgages but something over $50 trillion of CDSs written against them. In other words, CDSs had become a huge financial industry Lotto game.

Now I am learning about another financial derivative that may be even more onerous – Interest Rate Swaps (IRSs) … again, unregulated and seemingly out of control. IRSs are a form of financial barter that allows institutions to hedge their monetary return from variable-rate interest-bearing securities by exchanging this interest for a “less-risky” fixed-rate cash-flow stream. The unsettling statistic is that these derivatives now total some $400 trillion … yes, $400 trillion. This pile of monetary obligations far exceeds the Gross National Product of the world … and probably also is approaching total world assets ... estimated to total around one quadrillion dollars. To better understand this mare’s nest of financial legerdemain see Interest Rate Swaps and also PIMCO Explanation. And, if you do understand IRSs, please explain them to me (and to many of the Risk Assessment Officers at the companies that are now receiving TARP funds.)

When you read these explanations of IRSs you will see that the key variable interest rate that is the touchstone of many of the various IRS options is the LIBOR (London InterBank Offering Rate). This is the rate at which banks around the world are willing to lend to one another … a little like the U.S.’s Federal Reserve Discount Rate. Now, if hundreds of trillions of dollars of interest rate bets are keying off this one number, then small perturbations in this number can whipsaw IRS guarantors and guarantees dramatically. And if, as it happened, the LIBOR rose dramatically when the world-wide financial crisis hit last summer (see LIBOR Rate Chart) , then the shock to the IRS markets must have been mind-numbing. Yes, the LIBOR rate swung dramatically back at the time of Clinton’s last year in office. But, the amount of IRSs in force then were lower by at least 80%.

Now, to let my paranoia surface a little, why wouldn’t someone or some country that wanted to damage our world’s financial markets do their best to perturb the LIBOR rate? This seems to me to be an Achilles’ heel of the financial derivative markets and may be a reason to reformulate IRSs entirely.